Properties of Light

Danielle Silverstein PHY 101 Section 10497 March 4, 2013 Light up this World Purpose: In this lab experiment, LED lights will be used to show how when E&M radiation is absorbed, the energy is converted to heat. A drop of isopropyl alcohol will absorb light energy of different colors, and the evaporation rate of the alcohol will be measured. The key to this lab is the evaporation rate is directly related to the energy of the light shining on the drop. Materials: * * LEDs and circuits (from previous lab) * Pipette (or eyedropper) * Rubbing alcohol Index card * 9-volt battery * Flashlight * Stopwatch * Small cardboard box (shoe box) Procedures: A three-sided enclosure from the cardboard box was made. This created a location for applying light from the LED to the drop of alcohol while minimizing the effect of air currents on the evaporation rate. The eyedropper was used to place a single drop of isopropyl alcohol on an index card within the enclosure. The same size drop was used each tim e the step was repeated. The time it takes for the drop to evaporate without the LED present was recorded.The dark spot on the card caused by the alcohol was no longer visible. A flashlight was used to help with the observance of the dark spot. The evaporation time was recorded. The same procedure was repeated for the different colored LEDs over the alcohol drop. The current through each LED and the distance from the LED to the drop of alcohol was the same for each run. The procedure for each color of LED was repeated at least 10 times and an average time of evaporation for each color was calculated. A graph of evaporation time versus frequency of the LED was then made. Data: Time it took to dry the drop (minutes) | | | | |With no light= 10 minutes | | | | | |Red(minutes) |Green(minutes) |Blue(minutes) | |1 |4:43 |5:15 |3:30 | |2 |4:49 |3:59 |3:14 | |3 |5:03 |4:55 |4:07 | |4 |5:23 |3:48 |3:13 | |5 |4:00 |4:26 |3:26 | |6 |5:04 |4:47 |3:37 | |7 |4:35 |4:20 |3:25 | |8 |5:25 |3: 54 |3:10 | |9 |4:30 |5:05 |3:40 | |10 |4:45 |4:15 |3:56 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Frequencies(Hz): |4. 3 ·10-14 |6. 0 ·10-14 |6. 67 ·10-14 | | | | | | | | | | | |Average Time(s): |4:49 |4:28 |3:31 | [pic] Results: The results show that red had the lowest frequency and used the least amount of energy, green was in the middle of the two other colors with a frequency of 6.  ·10-14 and blue had the highest frequency of 6. 67 ·10-14 Conclusion: Light is range of the electromagnetic spectrum detectable by the naked human eye. The spectrum also includes radio waves all the way up to gamma rays, and light falls about in the middle. Electromagnetic radiation combines both particles and waves in nature. Electromagnetic radiation can also be described in terms of a stream of photons. These are massless particles traveling with wavelike properties at the speed of light. For example, the changing electric and magnetic fields in space form electromagnetic waves (Library Thinking Quest). The colors on the spectrum vary from red to violet.The red light has a lower energy than the violet light that’s at the end of the spectrum. The frequency of the light increases as the color of the light changes from red to violet. Wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, which causes the wavelength to decrease as the color changes from red to violet (Hewitt, pg. 520). Depending on the color of the light, the wavelength can range from 7Ãâ€"10-5 cm (red) to 4Ãâ€"10-5 cm (violet), but all electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light. The frequency of the light, which is the number of wavelengths per seconds is calculated using the equation C=LN. L is the wavelength, N is the frequency, and C is the speed of light (Library Thinking Quest).From the observations collected, the red LED light took the longest to dry the drop of alcohol and the blue dried it the fastest. Since the red light is on the lower end of the electromagnetic spectrum is used the lowest amount of energy. Just by looking at the brightness of the light, this conclusion was made but reassured after doing some research. The red light was very dim and faint compared to the brightness of the green and the blue. The blue was the brightest of the lights. This light used the most energy and is one of the farthest on the spectrum beside violet. Since the frequency of light increases as the color of light moves down the spectrum, the red light has the smallest frequency of 4. 2*10-14, green has middle frequency of 5. 66*10-14 and blue has the largest frequency of 6. 37*10-14. The frequency is directly proportional to the energy produced by each of the light, which is shown in the graph above. The blue light had the highest frequency and that used the most energy. The red LED used the least amount of energy because it had the lowest frequency. The greater the frequency caused the alcohol to dry faster since it used more heat (energy) at one time. Light energ y and frequency are directly related in the real world also. Typically since red lights have less energy than blues lights, blue objects are said to be hotter.In 1923, American astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) made an astounding discovery. As Hubble observed, the light waves from distant galaxies are shifted to the red end, and he reasoned that this must mean those galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way. These observations concluded that something that showed red was moving away from its observer. The laws of thermodynamics state that where heat is involved, the movement is always away from an area of high temperature and toward an area of low temperature. Heated molecules that reflect red light are areas that are moving toward an area of low temperature. Molecules of low temperature reflect bluish or purple light because the tendency of heat is to move toward them.Fire, for example, it lets off heat to keep people warm. The color of fire is mostly red and orange. These colo rs are at the lower end of the spectrum of light. The reason why fire is the color red is because; red gives off the lowest amount of energy because it has the lowest frequency. Fire can be used in many different ways in the world without using mass amount of energy to heat things up. As mentioned in the lab from last week, the alligator clips caused a lot of issues with holing the connections together. A better material would be the connection covers where the wires go inside a little tube and are squeezed together at each end to insure security.When the light went out due to the connection, it caused created a longer time for the alcohol drop to dry. This created some error in the experiment with the time and the overall average. [pic]References: †¢ Hewitt, P. G. (1998). Chapter 23,24. Conceptual physics (8th ed. , pp. 494-550). Reading, Mass. : Addison Wesley. †¢ Lesson 9 Electricity. (n. d. ). PHY 101 . Retrieved February 9, 201328, 2013, from https://www. riolearn. or g/content/phy/phy101/PHY101_INTER_0000_v4/lessons/lesson08. shtml? encrypted-sectionid=am5lN0s1VHdrNkRZdEdaK3ZBR3dSdz09 †¢ â€Å"The Physics of Light: What Is Light?. † ThinkQuest : Library. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Mar. 2013.

Fetal Heart Rate and Defects Essay

Electronic fetal heart monitoring is commonly used for tracking how well the baby is doing within the contracting uterus and for detecting signs of fetal distress. External fetal heart monitoring is performed by attaching external transducers to the mother’s abdomen with elastic straps. The transducers use Doppler ultrasound to detect fetal heart motion, and the information is sent to the fetal heart monitor which calculates and records the fetal heart rate on a continuous strip of paper. More modern fetal heart monitors have incorporated microprocessors and mathematical procedures to improve the fetal heart rate signal and the accuracy of the recording. An echocardiography can be used before birth to accurately identify many heart defects. The mother can be treated with medications that may restore normal heart rhythm in the fetus if the test shows that a fetus’s heart is beating too fast or too slow (Emitting & Waves, R.C., n.d.). The fetal heart starts as a tube which folds and fuses in a complex structure that results in a muscular pump with four chambers and four valves. It is not surprising that small errors in development can lead to a wide variety of structural abnormalities in the 4 chambers, the 4 heart valves, the veins and great arteries. During fetal monitoring, a nurse will evaluate the strip for continuity and adequacy for interpretation, identify the baseline fetal heart rate and presence of variability, determine whether there are accelerations or decelerations from the baseline, identify patterns of uterine contraction, and correlate accelerations and decelerations with the uterine contractions. This will allow the nurse to determine whether the fetal heart rate recording is reassuring, non-reassuring, or ominous (Children’s Heart Federation, n.d). Fetal Heart Rate and Defects The normal fetal heart rate is between 110 to 180 beats per minutes (BPM), but can vary. Fluctuations of the fetal heart rate (usually associated with fetal movement) during different periods of the day are common and often rise above 160, going as high as 180 to 190 and are considered normal. Listening to a normally beating heart using a fetal ultrasound Doppler as early as 8 weeks can offer reassurance and cut down on a lot of stress and help assure that the developing fetus is healthy. While miscarriage occurs in only about 15 percent of apparently normal pregnancies, it only occurs in about 1 percent of pregnancies where a normal heartbeat has been seen or heard (Medscape, n.d). Recent studies conclude that changes in pregnant women’s heart rate and blood pressure due to chronic stress and anxiety can have an effect on the fetal heart rate. The study did not report any negative effects on fetal health but confirmed that emotional based changes in a woman’s cardiovas cular activity can have â€Å"real-time effects† on a fetus. A previous study has shown that stress during pregnancy can cause an increase in the risk of low-birth weight and premature birth. More importantly, increased evidence suggests that pregnancy stress can actually affect the baby’s behavior and functioning later in life (NT: Detection Rate CHD, n.d.). The ability for expectant mothers to listen to the fetal heart rate with a fetal Doppler offers a safe method of early fetal bonding which was previously only available at prenatal appointments with a medical professional. With its approval for in home by the FDA expecting parents have increasingly been opting to rent or purchase fetal Dopplers to help relieve some of the stress associated with the unknowns of early and late pregnancy. Fetal Doppler rentals are currently available through many online retailers at very affordable rates. Fetal heart rate monitoring is the process of checking the condition of a baby during labor and delivery by monitoring his or her heart rate with special equipment. Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) was first introduced at Yale University in 1958. Since then, continuous EFM has been widely used in the detection of fetal compromise and the assessment of the influence of the intrauterine environment on fetal welfare (Evans and Niswander, 2000). There are two methods of fetal heart monitoring in labor. External fetal monitoring is done through the skin and is not meant to be invasive. Sensitive electrodes (connected to monitors) are placed on your abdomen over conducting jelly. The electrodes can sense the fetal heart rate (FHR) and the presence and duration of uterine contractions. Usually, the results of this test are continuous and are printed out, or they appear on a computer screen. Internal fetal monitoring involves placing a electrode directly on the fetal scalp through the cervix. The health care provider may use this method of monitoring your baby if external monitoring is not working well, or the information is inconclusive. Both types of tests are performed to evaluate fetal heart rate and variability between beats, especially in relation to uterine contractions. The tests also indicate the frequency and strength of uterine contractions (Belmont, 1998). Fortunately, fetal heart monitoring tests can detect numerous abnormal situations or conditions during pregnancy, such as reduced blood flow to the developing baby (cord compression), block of electrical signals within the heart muscle, causing an altered heart beat (fetal heart block), incorrect positioning of the baby (fetal malposition), too little oxygen supply to the developing baby, suggest the presence of infection, too little oxygen exchange between the uterus and the placenta, fetal distress, placenta abruption, and severe anemia in the developing baby. Most common heart defects, such as holes between the chambers (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect) and even more complex conditions such as transposition of the great arteries and tetralogy of Fallot, can be successfully managed after birth (Belmont, 1998). Many of the aforementioned situations detected during a fetal heart monitoring could mean that the baby has a congenital heart defect. There are many types of congenital heart defects which is why it is so important that the fetal heart monitoring be done before and during labor. A fetal heart defect means that the baby will be born with a problem in the heart’s structure. Learning of the child’s congenital heart defect can help to understand his or her condition and what you can expect in the coming months and years. Some congenital heart defects are simple and don’t need treatment. Other congenital heart defects in children are more complex and may require several surgeries performed over a period of several years. Heart-related complications can be temporary or may affect the child long-term (Emitting & Waves, R.C, n.d.). One examples of a congenital heart defect is pulmonary atresia, which is when no pulmonary valve exists, so blood can’t flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and on to the lungs. The right ventricle acts as a blind pouch that may stay small and not well developed. The tricuspid valve is often poorly developed, too. An opening in the atrial septum lets blood exit the right atrium, so venous (bluish) blood mixes with the oxygen-rich (red) blood in the left atrium. The left ventricle pumps this mixture of blood into the aorta and out to the body. Pulmonary atresia occurs in about one out of every 10,000 live births (Pulmonary Atresia, n.d.). Another type of congenital heart defect is congenital heart block, when detected at or before birth in a structurally normal heart, is strongly associated with autoantibodies reactive with certain proteins. In this defect, the heart’s electrical signal doesn’t pass from the heart’s own natural pacemaker in the atrium to the lower chambers. When this occurs, an independent pacemaker in the lower chambers takes over. The ventricles can contract and pump blood, but at a slower rate than the atrial pacemaker. Complete heart block is most often caused in adults by heart disease or as a side effect of drug toxicity. Heart blocks can be present at birth (Belmont, 1998). Continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia is commonly used for analgesic treatment during labor and delivery; It is still a matter of controversy whether epidural anesthesia has direct or indirect side effects on the fetus. It has been reported that local anesthetics can cause changes in the fetal heart rate patterns in the sense of direct myocardial side effects (Evans and Niswander, 2000). It is apparent that there are marked cardiovascular changes that occur in the fetus with a congenital heart defect compared with the normal healthy fetus. Without the use of fetal heart monitoring tests, we would be unable to determine if the fetus has a congenital heart defect which could drastically delay treatment of the condition. Treatment varies widely with the type of disease, the effect that pregnancy has on the disease, and the effect that the disease has on pregnancy. If it is the fetus that has a problem, serial ultrasounds may be performed. Fetal heart rate monitoring may be necessary, or amniocentesis may be required. In addition, it may be essential to give the mother medications to act on the baby (Belmont, 1998). Summary A fetal heart defect is an abnormality in any part of the heart that is present in an unborn child. Approximately 35,000 infants are born with heart defects each year in the United States. An echocardiography can be used before birth to accurately identify many heart defects. The mother can be treated with medications that may restore normal heart rhythm in the fetus if the test shows that a fetus’s heart is beating too fast or too slow. In most cases, scientists do not know what makes a baby’s heart develop abnormally, but genetic and environmental factors appear to play roles.

A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC Essay Example for Free

A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC Essay ? Television is a powerful media source, bringing stories to billions across the globe. It has been called â€Å"the most awesome God-less force in the modern world† and it is now seen as a major part of everyday life. The average person spends 4 hours a day watching TV – becoming roughly 1/3 of a person’s typical waking hours. Television is a constructed view of reality, sometimes exaggerated extremely, solely to create entertainment. In the UK, there are five major terrestrial television channels, (four organisations) with some being vastly more successful than others. The BBC is the only organisation not to make money from advertising. Their money is generated from the TV Licence fee, and this type of broadcasting is known as Public Service Broadcasting. Channel 5 is perhaps seen as the least successful of the five TV channels, possibly due to the fact that it is the youngest. The channel began in 1995, but it was not able to broadcast nationally as many of the population’s televisions could not receive it. The company offered to retune every TV that couldn’t receive it, before the big launch in 1997. A long advertising campaign was launched, known as â€Å"Give Me Five† in an attempt to draw in viewers. On the 30th March, 1997, Channel 5 was launched at 6pm, attracting an audience of 2. 4 million people, a figure higher than the launch of Channel 4, fifteen years earlier. This new channel neither had the money or reputation to buy and broadcast potentially successful material. Perhaps getting off to a bad start, the main schedule consisted of home and cookery programmes, cheap US exports, and late night pornography. However, Channel 5 did receive praise for its news programming, and soon the ratings became consistently acceptable. The channel gained more money, and was soon able to buy better quality shows, such as Home & Away. In 2002, Channel 5 underwent a major image modification. The name changed from Channel 5 to simply, Five, and progressed itself as a serious rival to the other 4 channels. However, the channel has not been without its flaws. For example, Friends spin-off series, Joey, was bought by Five in 2005. Despite a high-profile launch and ad campaign, the program received poor ratings and was eventually cancelled. Similarly, other shows such as Robot Wars and CD:UK proved to be a flop for the channel. These unsuccessful shows have seemingly increased the channel’s poor reputation. In the channel’s first year of broadcasting, five receives its lowest audience shares of 2. 3%, but this can be expected from a debuting channel. Fifteen years earlier, Channel 4 received even lower audience shares on its opening night, although it could be argued that people watched less television in the 1980s. The audience shares increased, and peaked in 2004. The channel has the lowest audience share of the terrestrial channels, but, in its defence, Five is not received in all of the UK’s homes. Like all of the other terrestrial channels, Five now has â€Å"sister† channels, Five US and Five Life. These two channels are both somewhat successful, but other â€Å"sister† channels, such as ITV2, E4 and BBC Three are proving to be more viewed. Nowadays, Five is able to branch out and buy successful US shows such as Prison Break and House, as well as buying programmes from other channels – in 2008, Five bought Neighbours from the BBC. The BBC was established in the early 1920s, but it was not until 1936 that the channel began its regular television broadcasting as a public service TV channel. However, it was further suspended after WWII began, until 1946 when the permanent service was established. The BBC’s mission was to â€Å"inform, educate and entertain† and is still taken into account today. The BBC broadcasts a wide variety of programmes on both of its channels, BBC1 and BBC2. The BBC’s major programme is EastEnders, the popular primetime soap. On a weekly basis, the soap receives the highest rating of all terrestrial shows, with only the ITV1 soap, Coronation Street, (and occasionally reality shows such as The X Factor and Dancing On Ice) playing as its rival. Other BBC shows, such as Top Gear, Doctor Who and Little Britain have all been a success throughout the last decade, further improving the channels ratings and reputation. In an attempt to branch out and widen its audience, the BBC has recently made some unlikely purchases. In 2007, the channel brought the successful US show Heroes to BBC2. The show quickly became a phenomenon, and is different from what would usually be broadcast on BBC2. The BBC continues to dominate terrestrial TV, by finding ways to bring in more viewers. The programmes vary from food, to lifestyle, to documentary, to political. The BBC is now contending with ITV in the reality market, as it now features shows looking for new west-end stars, and the ever popular series, Strictly Come Dancing. BBC1 receives the highest audience share of the 5 channels, with an average of 26%. It is seen as the â€Å"main† channel, and regularly receives high ratings. This major organisation has the money to do whatever it pleases, and this has shown over the last decade. The BBC now has 8 channels – BBC1, BBC2, BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News 24, BBC Parliament, CBBC and CBeebies. These 8 channels prove to cater for everyone. BBC Three is the most popular of the sister channels, frequently receiving new material such as Lily Allen and Friends and Gavin & Stacey. The channel is a â€Å"lighter† version of BBC1, with a more comedic element. The BBC now broadcasts internationally. A new channel, BBC America, was launched in 1998, and has carried programming from the BBC to the USA, such as Torchwood and The Graham Norton Show. BBC America is part of two international channels, the other being BBC World. A recent feature of the BBC, BBC iPlayer, has recently been introduced. It has become an on-demand online video player, with unlimited access to BBC shows. The iPlayer is proving extremely popular, with more than 3. 5 million programmes downloaded in its opening week. However, despite the BBC being a major empire, the company relies on the licence fee. It is the only channel not to rely on income through advertising. The core belief of public service television is that it is free from the pressures of commercial TV, and, as its income is guaranteed, public service TV is freer to explore. But this does not mean it can become complacent. High audience shares are still needed because, if they were to fall, the licence fee would be in serious jeopardy. For years, there has been a debate as to whether public service broadcasting should continue. Naturally, the BBC wishes for it to continue, whereas others disagree. The BBC has very little to do to secure its funding, whereas the commercial companies have to work to get their income. The opponents of public service television argue that it is simply another form of taxation. With the arrival and expansion of satellite and cable, some people have no interest in the public service channels. For the BBC, public service broadcasting means that certain pressures are put upon them, but their income is fixed. The BBC could be said to have better quality shows due to them receiving â€Å"easy† money, and it also means that their programmes can be longer, due to the fact that they don’t have to make time for advertising. However, for Channel 5, public service television means that there are no pressures. The channel can show what they want (within reason) but their income is variable. Unsurprisingly, the commercial channels are against the licence fee, as it seems unfair. It seems as if the media are in constant debate over whether the licence fee should continue, as many people pay considerable sums for services in which they have no interest in. A Comparative Analysis of television channels FIVE and BBC. (2017, Aug 08).

Is it possible to change your sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Is it possible to change your sexuality - Essay Example On a societal level, people-to-people contact must be stressed so that they come in close contact with each other and start understanding the needs and wants of their fellow human beings and thus no question arises when this subject starts to make headlines and the hard liners begin their daily protesting routine, just for the sake of nothing but raising a voice here and pelting stones there. This does not work in life as it mars the spirit of freedom for one and all and invites trouble from all quarters. Empathy must be the way forward in such a case whereby one puts him or her in the other’s (homosexual individual’s) shoe for a moment and start thinking of the problems and difficulties he or she would have to face in the same scenario. This would solve many a problem, as it would generate much more understanding and a sense of attachment with the gays and lesbians of the society. On an individual level, a gay or for that matter a lesbian must understand the commitment he has with the society and he also should know as to how his actions could affect it, both from a positive as well as from a negative point of view. He must avoid the trouble of inviting pressure from the hard liners if he possibly can but if the homosexual feels that it is his right to do whatsoever he wishes then he must do it, in the best manner possible, not only to benefit his own self but also provide comfort and consolation for the other homosexual who agrees to marry the former one. However, one should keep a close and vigilant eye on the pressures he would have to face at the hand of the society and the pressure groups when he decides to carry out the same.

Dominican Hair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dominican Hair - Essay Example These groups include the; Taà ­nos (who are the Indigenous group), the Spanish (who were the colonizers), and the Africans (brought majorly as slaves into the country). Nonetheless, the Dominican nation has long ignored its heritage’s African part, in its place describing itself as â€Å"Not black,† This is so, even as people accept that almost everyone has some Black heritage and ancestry. This whole idea of national identity presents exacting challenges for Dominican immigrants to the United States, who are over and over again perceived by Americans as black and forced to negotiate for new ethnical and racial landscape. According to Ginetta E. B. Candelario  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the Dominican nation has all along selected to disregard the African customs and traditions†. She says that, the social and racial dynamics of the Dominican identity is majorly promoted by staff, customers and owners of salons. This is in particular with consideration to the concepts of African Vs European hair, further categorized as â€Å"bad† and â€Å"good† hair respectively. Candelario shows how clients and staff of salons had preferences to certain hair styles which were in photograph form in books. This is an exacting proof and confirmation of the anti- black preferences by the Dominican, and appraisal of the whites. In spite of this, what these women found as being most gorgeous and eye-catching were the people whom they analyze as having the signs of ethnic and cultural mixture connected to Spanish-speaking countries, and in particular those of Latin America. Candelario does well in trying to contradict the entrenched whiteness preference by showing various occasions when these preferences were disregarded, as well as by showing that there was an existence of diverse sorts of whiteness. Candelario shows that, Salons were the principal places where women were encouraged to internalize and endorse certain manners. The manner of seeing and doing things through racial

Employee Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Employee Benefits - Essay Example An employee has the right to claim or file a court order upon denial of the enjoyment of such benefits (United States and United States, 2004). Many employees fail to understand whether their employee benefits package gives them the payback, they deserve in an increased employee appreciation and satisfaction. They may only understand and appreciate only a part of the employer’s cost of the benefits they receive. Employees should understand and claim for such benefits including: Health care benefits; All employees are entitled to health and care benefits. Organizations are called upon to initiate some wellness related programs that cover the health care of the employees. Employers should provide a safe working environment. Employees who have a full access to their benefits significantly play a great role towards the development of the organization. These may act motivating factors for employees who in turn work to achieve great success of the organization. Some successful organizations like the World Bank are found to have been in first place in administering services that offered the employee benefits. World Bank offer much employee benefits facilitated through such programs like the Medical Insurance Program, which is a comprehensive insurance policy run by the World Bank Group for the locally or internationally recruited employees (United States and United States, 2004).These among other benefits are vital in the sustenance of the employee and the company. The modern approach to employee benefit and compensation plans rewards and helps in the recognition of the best employees in an organization. Effective employee benefits plans raise and improve productivity and increase employee retention. Genera lly, the employee benefits plan has a positive impact on the organization’s bottom line. They should be offered as a right and benefit to both the

Consumerism in Contemporary America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Consumerism in Contemporary America - Essay Example The paper entails a personal perspective in regards to the lessons learned from â€Å"The Year Without Toilet Paper† and â€Å"Thoreau’s Worst Nightmare† articles. The â€Å"Year Without Toilet† Paper falls within the article of â€Å"No Impact Man†, which is about Beavan, a man desiring to conserve the environment by neglecting commodities produced through modern technology. Beavan decides to live on earth and ensures there is a use of affirmative commodities for the safety of nature. The â€Å"Thoreau’s Worst Nightmare† describes how different the early life of Walden is compared to the life of his children. Consumerism refers to a situation where states desire to safeguard the interest of consumers pertaining to the products they (consumers) access, commodity pricing, and content of adverts. Consumerism in America entails an interest in improving consumption of manufactured products. Cornyn states that changes in American’s economic status led to a concern in the economic sector. Poor quality production in the manufacturing industries contributes to changes in customer preferences and hence decreases in the product demand. Services offered to customers determine the desire to go for other products of lesser costs to satisfy individual’s taste. Low incomes in the market industry disabling the processing departments result from a decrease in the selling of products. The belief that security required during business transactions is by government officers, company accountants, and organization inspectors seized to be truly certain grounds. The reason for the belief being false is because of increase in knowledge of people owning business entities. People with diversity in professional knowledge operate in different departments to guarantee growth of organizations under less expense.

Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example Sylva make-up kit will contain the best ingredients that will ensure the make-up does not fade for 15 hours. The product will also contain ingredients that will ensure the face is moist and aerated throughout the day. Sylva make-up kit will also be creatively packaged with a velvet cover that will contain the company logo. The mission of Sylva Company is to develop continually and bring to the market quality cosmetic products at an acceptable price. The company aims at introducing Sylva make-up kit to the market and record high sales and 70% profit margin. Sylva will employ a brand building approach as the rationale for the marketing plan. The company will attain this through a marketing mix that incorporates unique product attributes, suitable distribution and effective promotional mix. The primary marketing objectives are to generate netted revenue from retail sales and obtain new funding sources. The promotional mix will include intense advertising in print, audio-visual and the internet. Sylva will position itself through renowned print media such as the Vogue, Vanity Fair, In Style and Cosmopolitan. Increasing the presence of the product on the internet is anticipated to yield better results. The product will also be marketed through personal relation campaigns and point of sale that will reinforce the product’s message of quality. The United States cosmetics market is saturated with cosmetic companies. The industry has continuously grown. This industry is set to increase in the next five years. As a result, Sylva Company is set to benefit from it. The product has four primary competitors. These include Aveda, Clinique, Essential Elements and Kiehl’s Company. The product hopes to increase its customer base by

Choose one of the three Flexible , Fearful, or Feisty Essay

Choose one of the three Flexible , Fearful, or Feisty - Essay Example I always enjoyed to get engaged in a range of activities most often involved art activities. This activity pattern and craze towards colors polished my creativity. So, in the later stages of my childhood I proved to be a good cartoonist. I participated in many inter school events and won several prizes. Later on, I came to know the fact that being a flexible personality; I was really blessed as I was more adaptive towards new situations. I always enjoyed creativity and innovative ideas. I always liked to show positive attitude and this approach of my childhood has, definitely, affected my current life in a positive way. My flexible personality trait brought up confidence, optimism and tolerance in my personality. It is amazing to note that I never argued like younger siblings while mother used to serve some new food. It always made me curious to have new tastes and flavors. However, sometime ambiguous situations made me confused. As I have told that I was flexible at one end but I was not so clever. I was not very good in decision making as well. This was the basic reason why I most often adopted what my parents felt better for me. I was quite adaptive and bendy towards the decisions they put forward. And now when I am a grown up guy, I can differentiate that my intentions were not wrong. For me, my parents always did what they thought the best among all. From my childhood behavior, I analyze that living with flexibility and adjustment always offers a right path. Life is a continuous process offering give and take relationships. It goes on and on. So, those who prefer to adjust and accommodate with new situations always get the full benefits. This is what I really learn from my childhood. 1. Hanns M. Trautner, Diane N. Ruble, Lisa Cyphers, Barbara Kirsten, Regina Behrendt and Petra Hartmann. â€Å"Rigidity and Flexibility of Gender Stereotypes in Childhood: Developmental or Differential?† Infant and Child Development (2005): New York University,

How Was Vietnam Sexual Bias Essay Example for Free

How Was Vietnam Sexual Bias Essay People have long suffered because of their sexual orientation, but the increasing frequency and severity of this problem only recently gained the attention of the United Nations. Human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity encompasses violence, cruelty, discrimination, and other acts of hatred based on real or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity. Sexual orientation is defined as ―each person‘s capacity for profound emotional, affectional and sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual relations with, individuals of a different gender or of the same gender or of more than one gender. Gender identity refers to ―deeply felt internal and individual experience of gender, which may or may not correspond to the sex assigned at birth, including the personal sense of the body (which may involve, if freely chosen, modification of bodily appearance or function by medical, surgical or other means) and other expressions of gender, including dress, speech and mannerisms. Violations of sexual minorities are manifested in two ways: 1) physical harm resulting from murder, kidnapping, sexual assault or other forms of violence and 2) unfair treatment, deprivation of liberty, and discrimination exercised on personal and institutional levels. The aspect of physical harm is more frequently noted by the media, but many cases go unreported and without the attention that is needed to curb their prevalence. Special rapporteurs from the UN found previously unnoted examples that show the gravity of these issues. A period of violence specifically targeting members of lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) groups in Honduras resulted in the brutal killings of 21 people in 2010. One of these victims was ―found dead in a ditch, her body beaten and burned, showing evidence of rape and blows to her face from stoning so severe as to render the remains virtually unrecognizable. In other parts of the world, transsexual women have been beaten in the breasts and cheekbones to intentionally burst implants and release painful toxins in their bodies. Four people were seriously attacked in Uganda and many were forced to hide when a local paper published the photos of 100 people it said were homosexuals and encouraged people to ―hang them. There‘s a cultural contribution to the prevalence of this violence, too. More than 5,000 honor killings take place each year to punish people who do not remain true to cultural expectations. An increasing number of these victims are killed because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. This is seen in the 2009 Iraq killing campaign that tortured and murdered hundreds of LGBT members on the basis of protecting society from the ―third sex. Killings also take place by victims‘ relatives to preserve their family‘s honor. Cultural myths such as homosexuality being a disease or that lesbian women‘s sexual orientation will change if they are raped by a man are also dangerous elements of this problem. Though physical violence based on sexual orientation and gender equality is a pressing issue, attention must also be given to the second aspect of this topic. Discrimination and unfair treatment based on sexual orientation date back to the religious laws of the Bible and other holy books. Napoleon temporarily established laws decriminalizing homosexuality as part of his penal code in 1791, but long-term protection did not take place until Denmark repealed its similar laws in 1933. Almost all other countries have followed Denmark‘s example since then except for those in the Middle East (save for Israel), North Africa, and the former British colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia. These latter countries are the most common (but not exclusive) context in which LGBT members are deprived of their liberty in areas of ―judicial prosecution and trial, administrative detention, deprivation of liberty on medical grounds and arrest for the purposes of harassment, among o thers. Even countries that have repealed these laws can foster unfair treatment stemming from sexual orientation because of their inability to better protect victims. Cases of discrimination based on sexual orientation are vastly underreported, but several examples exist that illustrate its solemn presence in the life of people of all ages. According to a 2007 study, up to 40 percent of homeless youth were turned away from their homes and charitable shelters because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. LGBT students are often the targets of violence, harassment, and other forms of bullying while in high school and college. In addition to the physical harm that results, many victims struggle with emotional consequences such as depression and low self-esteem. A 2010 report on prison conditions in Greece revealed that ―detainees in a lesbian, gay and transgender section of a prison were reportedly denied access to an outside yard for two years, confined to their cells and a corridor at all times. Striving to address these forms of discrimination and unfair treatment, the Human Rights Committee (HRC) affirmed that its regard to ―equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other statusâ€â€" in Article 26 of the ICCPR extends to discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation. Even so, the lack of response from Honduras, Greece, and other countries in which similar atrocities occur demonstrates that nations have not fully adopted the HRC‘s concern on the issue. Without the creation and observation of standard operating procedures that guide law enforcement to handling these issue seriously and responding properly to violations that occur, these countries are unable to progress toward a greater solution. There have been several emergences of human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity in recent world events. In March 2012, a gay man died after being attacked by a group of neo-Nazis at a park in Chile. The perpetrators tortured the man for an hour by carving swastikas in his body and otherwise mutilating him. His death brought renewed efforts by the UN and human rights organizations to call attention to the mistreatment of sexual minorities and the need for harsher penalties for hate crimes. Another example was seen that same month in a different arena when Muslim delegates protested legitimizing homosexuality by walking out of the first UN Human Rights Council debate on gay rights. Without these nations‘ support, the problems will persist and further metastasize. Past UN Action: The UN has made efforts to ensure that the issues of sexual orientation and gender identity are given equal attention to all other areas of human rights violations. In 2007, the International Commission of Jurists‘ discussion on the inclusion of sexual minorities in human rights protection resulted in the ―Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. This document served as the foundation for later work by the OAS (AG/RES. 2435) and the UN‘s first resolution (A/HRC/17/L.9/Rev.1) concerning LGBT rights. The UN‘s resolution affirms that violations based on sexual orientation or gender identity are matters of human rights, and it calls for a report on related cases of violence and discrimination. The report (A/HRC/19/41) was published in November 2011 and accounts for unprecedented levels of violence and injustice shown toward sexual minorities. Most recently, th e UN reiterated its deep concern of violence based on sexual orientation and urged member nations to prioritize its reduction and elimination. Problems and Possible Solutions: Researchers fear that the majority of violations go unreported due to the shame of the victim or the apathy of the law and legal systems in some countries. Real action most often takes place when international attention is drawn by a death caused by hate crimes based on sexual orientation or gender identity. There may be no better solution for this problem than to increase international pressure on countries to curb the rate of crimes committed against LGBT members. If a sense of national pride for reducing the crime rate could be established – and a strong sense of shame if the rate remained the same or deteriorates – then a solution to this issue would be more effective and more sustainable. Questions to Consider as you Prepare: * Which should efforts for change focus on: law or education? Who should enact these changes and where would funding originate? * Is there one general solution to this problem or is it region-specific? If solutions are region-specific, how could resolutions be tailored to meet the problems of multiple regions? Who would determine what each regional problem requires to be eliminated? * How can the reporting of crimes based on sexual orientation be improved? How can international actors help without posing a risk to nations‘ sovereignty? * With many crimes occurring within prisons, how can LGBT members be better protected? Is there a way to do this without incurring significant expenses?

Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Thoracic Spine

Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Thoracic Spine SOLID VARIANT OF ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST (S-ABC) OF THORACIC SPINE: A Case Report Abstract Introduction: The solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) has been seen on occasional basis, and till date very few cases involving the spine has been reported. The utmost difficulty is in diagnosing it with X-rays without using biopsy or surgery methods. In this case report, we present a very rare tumor of thoracic spine which was presented to us in an emergency situation and was managed by 360 degree decompression via posterior only approach and stabilization. Case Report: A 16-year-old young boy, presented to us with a sudden onset of weakness in both the lower extremities leading to paraplegia. He also had a history of back and chest pain since a year. Collapse of T5 vertebrae on plain radiograph was observed. The patient was taken to the operating room on emergency basis with an initial plan of a total en-block spondylectomy of T5. However, intraoperatively, histology favored solid-ABC variant rather than spindle cell tumor, Giant Cell Tumor. Thus Initial plan was revised to 360 degree decompression and without resecting body en-block via posterolateral approach. Results: After surgery, there was not only complete resolution of sensory and motor functions but also his chest and back pain was resolved.ÂÂ   The diseased vertebral body was re-constituted with new bone formation and healing was seen at 18 months, postoperatively. Conclusion: This case report concludes that solid ABC should be kept as a differential diagnosis for tumour of spine. Intraoperative frozen sections shall be useful as well. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC. Keywords: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst, ABC, Osteolytic lesion, Palliative Surgery. INTRODUCTION The solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is generally very rare to see and accounts for 3.4% to 7.5% of all aneurysmal bone cysts [1]. It is an expansile cystic lesion which can occur in any part of the bone and most often affects individuals in their second decade of life [2,3]. Jaffe and Lichtenstein were the first ones to describe ABC as its own entity in 1942, when they noted a peculiar blood-containing cyst of large size. [4]. Although benign, an ABC can grow rapidly and destruct the bone. Its expansile nature can cause lot of swelling, pain, deformity, disruption of growth plates, pathologic fractures and neurologic symptoms depending on location [2,3]. As many as 69% of primary ABCs demonstrate a characteristic clonal t(16;17) genetic translocationwhich can lead to upregulation of the TRE17/USP6 oncogene [5,6]. However, the diagnosis of ABC is quite difficult without biopsy or surgery. There is a distinct solid variant of ABC which was first described by Sanerkin et al., in 1983 [7]. This solid variant may be easily misdiagnosed as a spindle cell tumor, especially osteosarcoma [1]. ABCs are generally treated with surgery. However, asymptomatic ABCs may also exist which is characterized by clinically insignificant destruction of the bone. In such cases, close monitoring alone of the lesion is sufficient enough. However, the diagnosis must be first confirmed and the lesion should not be increasing in size. In case monitoring alone is selected as the management plan [8]. CASE REPORT A 16-year-old young boy, presented to us with a sudden onset of weakness in both the lower extremities leading to paraplegia. He also had a history of back and chest pain since a year. A good rectal tone without any perineal anesthesia was seen in rectal examination and the post-void residual urine volume was negligible. His premedical history was unremarkable. Laboratory findings were all within normal limits. Plain radiograph revealed collapse of T5 vertebrae in figure 1. CT axial images showed expansile and lyrics lesion in vertebral body, left pedicle and transverse process. T2-weighted Sagittal and axial MRI T2 weighted images of thoracic spine showing hyperintence signals in T5 vertebral body, left pedicle and transverse process with pathological fracture (Figure 2). Attempt to establish preoperative tissue biopsy couldnt be done because of the urgency of decompression. The patient was taken to the operating room on emergency basis with an initial plan of a total en-block spondylectomy of T5. However, intraoperatively, histology favored solid-ABC variant rather than Giant Cell Tumor. Thus Initial plan was revised to palliative surgery with 360 degree decompression and without resecting body en-block via posterolateral approach as shown in figure 3. The vertebral column was reconstructed in a 360ÂÂ ° manner with an expandable titanium cage and pedicle screw fixation (Figure 3). Results After surgery, there was not only complete resolution of sensory and motor functions but also his chest and back pain was resolved.ÂÂ   The diseased vertebral body was re-constituted with new bone formation and healing was seen at 18 months, postoperatively (figure 4). Discussion ABCs are benign, but locally aggressive and highly vascular tumors which has recurrence rates after curettage of equal to or less than 50 % [9]. However, Malghem had reported in his study about the spontaneous healing in three patients [10]. ABCs are found to have a predilection for the lumbar spine in the case series presented by Boriani [11]. Although CT and MRI are preferred diagnostic methods, it may be noted that in the literature, biopsy is the utmost necessary for confirmation, due to similarity of many bone lesions in appearance. Biopsy will show the proliferating round or oval cells, generally mixed with randomly distributed multi-nucleated giant cells, regions of reactive fibroblastic proliferation and region of tumor with the blood filled microcystic component [12]. Depending on the proliferative component, the solid variant of ABC may be histologically misdiagnosed for other benign or malignant tumor-like lesions of the bone [1]. The pathological differential diagnosis should always be kept in mind while thinking of ABC. They include solitary bone cyst, giant cell tumor, hemangioma, osteosarcoma, and chondroblastoma [13]. Treatment of ABC is also very controversial which includes arterial embolization, curettage with or without bone grafting, complete excision, intra-lesional drug injections (steroid and calcitonin) and radiation [14]. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC [15]. Whether surgical management results in a better outcome and recurrence rate than a more conservative or palliative one (for example, curettage alone) remains controversial and to be seen in future studies. Conclusion This case report concludes that ABC should be kept as a differential diagnosis for tumour of spine. Intraoperative frozen sections shall be useful as well. An effective spinal decompression and stabilization of ABC can be achieved by partial or subtotal excisions. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC. References Bertoni F, Bacchinin P, Capanna R, Ruggieri P, Biagini R, Ferruxxi A, Bettelli G, Picci P, Campanacci M: Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1993, 71:729-734. Clayer M. Injectable form of calcium sulphate as treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts. ANZ J Surg. 2008 May. 78(5):366-70. Burch S, Hu S, Berven S. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2008 Jan. 19(1):41-7. Jaffe HL, Lichtenstein L. Solitary unicameral bone cyst with emphasis on the roentgen picture, the pathologic appearance and the pathogenesis. Arch Surg. 1942. 44:1004-25. Panoutsakopoulos G, Pandis N, Kyriazoglou I, Gustafson P, Mertens F, Mandahl N. Recurrent t(16;17)(q22;p13) in aneurysmal bone cysts. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999 Nov. 26(3):265-6. Lau AW, Pringle LM, Quick L, Riquelme DN, Ye Y, Oliveira AM, et al. TRE17/ubiquitin-specific protease 6 (USP6) oncogene translocated in aneurysmal bone cyst blocks osteoblastic maturation via an autocrine mechanism involving bone morphogenetic protein dysregulation. J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov 19. 285(47):37111-20. Sanerkin NG, Mott MG, Roylance J: An unusual intraosseous lesion with fibroblastic, osteoclastic, osteoblastic, aneurysmal and fibromyxoid elements: solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1983, 51:2278-2286. Tedesco N. Medscape, Aneurysmal Bone Cyst. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-overview#a11. 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Garg S, Mehta S, Dormans JP. Modern surgical treatment of primary aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(3):387-392. doi: 10.1097/01.bpo.0000152910.16045.ee. Figures and Legends Figure 1. Radiograph showing collapse of T5 Vertebra (AP and LAT XRAY of thoracic spine showing pathological fracture and collapse of T5) FIGURE 2. CT (Top Left) MRI (Bottom left and Right). Figure 2. Intraoperative AP and Lat X-ray of thoracic spine showing pedicle screw fixation and cage Figure 4. Post-surgery MRI showing new bone formation